A normal form-based power system out-of-step protection

This paper proposes a new system-level application for monitoring out-of-step (OOS) events in power systems. As already known, amplitude-dependent frequency shift is nonlinear phenomenon of electromechanical oscillations under large disturbances. The indicates the system’s nearness to instability. tool utilizes Normal Form method identify named phenomenon, leading accelerated OOS detection. proposed strategy illustrated and compared equal-area criterion single-machine-infinite-bus system. Extensive tests on IEEE 3- 50-machine systems prove efficacy potential online warnings instability ranking vulnerable system modes.